Estonia's presidential election

The English page of ERR is running a 6 piece mini series on the global impact of the next Estonian president.  For those interested here are the links:

The introduction is here:

A profile on Mailis reps here

Profile of Eiki Nestor here

Profile of Siim Kallas here

Profile of Allar Jõks here

Profile of Marina Kaljurand here

Profile of Mart Helme here

Concluding interview here

To arm or not to arm?

What should the West do about the ongoing conflict in Ukraine?  Many of the arguments in the Western media have not made it to the Estonian media.  Here is a review of the arguments:

To arm:

• Ben Judah's piece in the New York Times places the battle for Ukraine in black and white terms with defeat for the West not an option.
• Alexander Motyl in Foreign Affairs argues that Putin's actions is a threat to the West's democracy, security and stability and should be seen as a war against Europe. 
• Steven Pifer and Strobe Talbott argue that Ukraine needs help from the West.

Not to arm:

• John Mearsheimer argues in the New York Times that Ukraine is not a strategic interest for the West but is for Putin.  That means his commitment to achieving his aims will result in a high escalation.

• Jeremy Shapiro offers a rebuttal to Pifer and Talbott.

• I argued along similar lines in a Delfi piece, that escalation

 One last piece by Anne Applebaum deserves mentioning, it goes beyond the current question of arming and speculates on long term strategy. 

Iraq

All hell has broken loose in Iraq (again).  Radical militants are taking territory at a breathtaking speed and everyone is blaming everyone.  Whose fault is it, Obama's, Bush's, Blairs', Maliki's?  Difficult to say.  For any of you wondering why and how Iraq is still a hell hole in 2014 see this link for a 53 step breakdown that explains it all.  Happy summer reading, be glad you live in Estonia. 

Putin's tactics in Ukraine, folly or success?

Much has been made of Russia's new war strategies in Ukraine.  The New York Times does a great job of explaining Russia's new war tactics.  Another piece highlights the wisdom of Obama's reserved policy towards Russia's aggression in Ukraine. 

The tragedy of Ukraine

With the fate of Crimea sealed, we can now begin to think about the long term implications this has for the rest of Ukraine.  It is currently unknown how far Putin will go.  There is still a large Russian military buildup on the border of Eastern Ukraine and Putin has supported destabilization efforts within Eastern Ukraine.  One can only hope that Putin will be content with his Crimea land grab and most assume that his desire is not to invade the rest of Ukraine, but to increase control and influence. What is next for Ukraine? Significant steps have already been taken to help Ukraine integrate with the West. The EU recently signed an association agreement with Ukraine, lowering trade barriers worth some 500 million a year, and has already offered 15 billion USD in aid.  Now that the IMF has signed off on an 18 billion dollar loan program, Ukraine has secured some 27 billion, mostly over the next two years.  Negotiations are ongoing on ways in which the EU can help strengthen Ukraine's energy security.  These are only the first steps of a long and painful integration process. Most likely this is a process that will be difficult to complete Ukraine will not be able to complete.  

There are two potential stumbling blocks to Ukraine’s western integration. The first is the willingness of the West to integrate Ukraine.  Ukrainian officials are happy to receive the 27 billion in aid, even though it is not quite the 35 billion they were aiming for.  Ordinary citizens will be less happy.  Like Greece, the loans will have a negative impact on growth in the short term.  The vast majority of these loans are for the next two years, after which another large bailout will be needed to keep their economy going.  Will the West have the political will and the economic strength to offer the loans?  With Euro skepticism at an all-time high there will be a limit to what the EU can offer Ukraine in terms political integration. The Eurozone’s continued troubles mean that there will also be limits to the EU’s ability and desire to financially assist Ukraine beyond the two year deal.

The second and more challenging stumbling block to Ukraine’s Western integration is the desire of Ukrainians to integrate in the face of harsh reforms.  The IMF loan also meant a steep reduction in gas subsidies.  This coupled with higher gas prices from Russia will mean that consumers will be paying at least 50% more for gas.  In 2014 the economy will decrease anywhere from 3-5% of GDP with 12-14 percent inflation.  It could be worse depending on whether Russia imposes any economic sanctions in addition to raising the price of gas.  Eastern Ukraine has the most to lose from the economic reforms.  Eastern Ukraine’s exports are oriented to the Russian market, and heavy industry is more dependent on Russian gas. Together this would make many industries non-competitive in European markets.  Closing down noncompetitive industries would increase unemployment, furthering the plight of citizens in the East.

Ukraine’s demographics suggest that the population’s ability to stomach difficult reforms will be limited.  Despite the loss of 2.3 million mostly Russian voters in the Crimea, millions of Russian speakers still reside in Eastern Ukraine.  This means that elections could still be competitive in the future between a pro-Western and a pro-Russian candidate.   While a Western candidate will certainly win the elections in May, it is only a matter of time when a majority of citizens tire of the reforms.  It could be as soon as the upcoming winter when millions are unable to pay their heating bill.  With no long term prospect of EU membership and more harsh austerity in the short term many will wonder if there is a better way forward.  When they do Putin will be waiting with another aid deal and an offer to decrease the price of gas.  Just as the Orange revolution came to an end in 2010 with the election of Yanukovych, Ukraine’s attempts to integration with the West will not end before they are finished.  When or how that happens remains to be seen.  One thing that is sure is that as long as great powers are playing a geopolitical game Ukraine will forever be stuck in the middle.

Thoughts on Ukraine

Where to start on Ukraine?  I thought I would list some of the better articles I have read on the issue recently.  Basically comes down to this being Putin's last stand.

Here is an article encouraging the US to use energy as a weapon, namely to begin exporting crude oil and Liquefied natural gas.  This would increase the energy security of US allies in Europe and make a dent in Russian profits. It will take another 3 years at best before we see any changes, and probably another 5 before a meaningful impact happens but once it happens Putin's power will decrease significantly. 

Daniel Treisman is one of my favorite Russian experts, here is his piece on Putin.  In an interesting comparison to Putin's 2004 Ukrain strategy, he basically states that this isn't the smartest move by Putin.  It would have been better to let the new Ukrainian regime self implode.  Before the crisis the EU was not willing to offer the loans or support that would have been needed to keep the Ukrainian economy going.  While Putin's Ukraine policy will increase his domestic support in the short term it will hurt his standings in the long term.

Dmitri Trenin enables us to understand the Russian perspective on the crisis.  While Trenin's predicting doesn't have the best track record, his ability to describe the Russian perspective to a Western audience is second to none.  

For an analysis of the succession argument in Crimea take a look at this piece from the Washington post.   This piece does a great job of putting things into perspective.  When does a population have the right to succeed?  How does this situation relate to the Kosovo situation? 

Interesting articles this week

There were two interesting articles this week that I want to highlight here.  First, a great piece on the politics of sporting mega events, specifically the Olympics.  Another article gives an overview of the economic future of the BRICS, which doesn't look so bright in 2014.